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Our position on open-weights models · Anthropic News
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11.25C32.8339 11.6639 32.4979 11.9996 32.084 12H7.91699C7.50282 12 7.16706 11.6642 7.16699 11.25C7.16699 10.8358 7.50278 10.5 7.91699 10.5H32.084Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></button></div></div></header><main id="main-content" class=""><article><div class="page-wrapper PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__hero"><div class="PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__header"><div class="PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__subjects body-3 bold"><span>Announcements</span></div><h1 class="headline-1 PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__title">Our position on open-weights models</h1><div class="body-3 agate">Jul 27, 2026</div><div data-theme="ivory"></div></div></div><div class="page-wrapper"><article><div class=""><div class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__body" data-theme="ivory"><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text"><em>A post by Dario Amodei, Anthropic CEO</em></p><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text">Over the last few days there has been a lot of discussion about open-weights models, especially those from China. Reports suggest that some US officials are <a href="https://www.axios.com/2026/07/20/ai-us-china-open-source-kimi">considering banning</a> the use of Chinese open-weights models by US companies. In response, many tech companies have signed <a href="https://x.com/JensenHuang/status/2080643682408321103">a letter</a> supporting open-weights models, and some people have even accused Anthropic of wanting to ban open-weights models as a means of protecting our business. Anyone who has read my past writing should know that I don’t regard such bans as a useful measure, but let me state it clearly so that there is no doubt: <strong>Anthropic has never advocated for a ban on open-weights models.</strong></p><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text">Open-weights models that don’t have dangerous capabilities are a public good: they don’t cost anything besides the compute needed to run them, and they provide value to businesses, developers, and researchers.</p><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text">Protectionist bans would not address my most serious national security concerns. Specifically, I am worried about two nightmare scenarios. I laid these out in my essay <a href="https://darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology"><em>The Adolescence of Technology</em></a> six months ago<sup class="caption Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__sup">1</sup>, and have held these positions consistently for many years:</p><ol class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text"><li>My primary concern is the risk that authoritarian governments—not solely the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), although the CCP is clearly the most capable threat—build AI models that are more powerful than those built by the US, and use them to achieve permanent military superiority or perpetrate incredibly deep repression of their own people. This concern is widely shared within the US government: Vice President Vance <a href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-vice-president-the-artificial-intelligence-action-summit-paris-france">warned</a> in Paris last year that “authoritarian regimes have stolen and used AI to strengthen their military, intelligence, and surveillance capabilities,” and the Intelligence Community’s <a href="https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ATA-2026-Unclassified-Report.pdf">2026 Annual Threat Assessment</a> found that “other global powers’ robust progress in AI is challenging US economic competitiveness and national security advantages.” It is irrelevant whether these models are released with open weights, and certainly irrelevant whether they are used by US businesses. In fact, the most dangerous model may be one that is trained in secret and handed only to the People’s Liberation Army for use in drones and the Ministry of State Security for surveillance and repression.</li><li>My secondary concern is the risk that powerful AI models may be misused to carry out cyberattacks or biological attacks, and may have <a href="https://time.com/article/2026/07/24/openai-hugging-face-attack/">serious alignment problems</a>. Open-weights models—it does not matter whether they come from China or anywhere else—do potentially present a higher risk than closed models, because it is very difficult to apply guardrails to them or monitor their usage, and once weights are released they cannot be withdrawn<sup class="caption Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__sup">2</sup>. But banning the use of these models by US businesses does nothing to address this risk, because bad actors are unlikely to be legitimate US businesses. It <em>would</em> protect US AI companies from competition, but that has never been my goal.</li></ol><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text">To address these concerns, I <em>do</em> support the following three measures, which I and Anthropic have consistently advocated for:</p><ul class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text"><li><strong>We should not sell powerful chips or chipmaking equipment to China</strong>, and we should crack down on the rampant <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/three-charged-conspiring-unlawfully-divert-cutting-edge-us-artificial-intelligence">smuggling</a><sup class="caption Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__sup">3</sup> and workarounds used to obtain access to such chips. China has limited domestic production capacity, and therefore, due to the <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361">scaling laws</a>, cannot build more powerful models than the US without US chips. This is the most efficient and direct way to block threat #1, and by hampering the training of models that are out of reach of US law, it also indirectly helps with threat #2.</li><li><strong>We should crack down on industrial-scale <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks">distillation operations</a>.</strong> Distillation is a much more compute-efficient process than training models from scratch. It allows China to build much better models than its number of chips would ordinarily enable, and thus partially evade chip bans. Distillation does not allow the CCP to obtain equivalent or superior AI capabilities to the US, but it can bring the Chinese frontier to within a <a href="https://www.anthropic.com/research/2028-ai-leadership">few months </a>of the US frontier. It is true that many of the companies carrying out these operations release open-weights models—but the open weights are far less relevant than the fact that the operations are backed by an authoritarian state seeking to overtake the US at the frontier. We should have policy interventions to deter this behavior. A blanket ban on open-weights models is neither the correct remedy nor something we have called for<sup class="caption Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__sup">4</sup>.</li><li><strong>All sufficiently capable models, open and closed, should go through mandatory safety testing.</strong> The best way to address threat #2 is to just directly test models for cyber, biological, and alignment risks before release. I think this idea is actually close to a consensus: I have been heartened both that the Trump administration has moved in this direction in recent months, and by <a href="https://demishassabis.substack.com/p/a-framework-for-frontier-ai-and-the-dawning-of-a-new-age">recent industry proposals</a> that would apply such testing to the most capable models regardless of their country of origin or whether they are open or closed (while exempting less capable models, such as those from startups and academia, entirely). Whether open models do or don’t pose an increased risk, and whether that risk can be mitigated, is something that should emerge from testing, rather than be decided in advance—and there may be promising methods for improving the safety of open-weights models, including recent research from AE Studio and Anthropic on <a href="https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/modular-pretraining/">modular training strategies</a>. Note that to be effective, testing would need to be global, which means even the CCP would need to be on board. I think this may actually be possible: as I wrote in <em>The Adolescence of Technology</em>, limited cooperation around preventing AI biological weapons may be possible because it is in China’s interest too.</li></ul><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text">This brings me to the <a href="https://images.nvidia.com/pdf/Open-Weights-and-American-AI-Leadership.pdf">open letter</a>. I agree with much of it: open weights expand access to the AI economy, they strengthen competition at least for some use cases, and they give customers greater control. Concerns about distillation should be addressed through targeted legal and commercial frameworks—the same measure I described above. But I don’t agree with the letter’s assertions that open-weights models necessarily make it easier to develop safeguards or that broad access to capabilities necessarily helps defenders more than attackers. It seems at least as likely to me that the opposite will be true. For example, I worry that biology will have a strong attacker-defender asymmetry, where sufficiently capable models may be able to quickly weaponize pandemic-level viruses with widely available materials, whereas defense against these agents is a multi-year operational task in the best case (as we saw with Operation Warp Speed)<sup class="caption Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__sup">5</sup>. Questions like this should be empirically answered by rigorous pre-release testing, not assumed in advance.</p><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text">To summarize my and Anthropic’s position, we have not and are not advocating for a ban on open-weights models as a category. We should instead focus on keeping powerful chips out of authoritarian hands, stopping industrial-scale distillation, and requiring safety testing of all sufficiently capable models, open and closed.</p><p class="Body-module-scss-module__z40yvW__reading-column body-2 serif post-text"><em>*Edit 28 July: Updated to note that the cited research on modular training strategies was a collaboration between Anthropic and <a href="https://ae.studio/">AE Studio</a>.</em></p></div></div></article></div><div class="page-wrapper PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__postFooter"><div class="PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__footnotes"><h4 class="headline-5">Footnotes</h4><ol><li id="footnote-1">See Sections 3 and 2 of that essay for discussion of misuse for seizing power and discussion of biological risks, respectively.</li><li id="footnote-2">See <a href="https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/how-far-behind-the-frontier-are-leading-open-weight-models-on-cyber">this report</a> from the UK AI Security Institute, specifically: “The same openness underpinning these benefits precludes many of the safety measures that closed model developers can use to detect and disrupt misuse, iterate on safeguards as vulnerabilities emerge, control user access and withdraw models. Once open-weight models are released, these options are lost permanently: safeguards can be removed, and copies can be downloaded, redistributed, and run on private systems beyond monitoring. For models with dangerous capabilities – including highly cyber-capable models – open weight release therefore creates a persistent and irreversible risk of misuse.”</li><li id="footnote-3">See also <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-and-two-us-citizens-charged-conspiring-smuggle-artificial-intelligence">here</a>, <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-citizens-and-chinese-nationals-arrested-exporting-artificial-intelligence-technology">here</a>, and <a href="https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-authorities-shut-down-major-china-linked-ai-tech-smuggling-network">here</a> for more reports from the US Department of Justice.</li><li id="footnote-4">At Anthropic we’re committed to cracking down on industrial-scale distillation through our own practices, including identifying and banning accounts that use our models in this way. This is challenging—for instance, the relevant accounts can often only be identified <em>after</em> substantial distillation has occurred, and distillation often involves creating large numbers of fake accounts that form a moving target. The practices of any individual company cannot entirely solve the problem, which is why we have called for policy on this issue.</li><li id="footnote-5">See <a href="https://darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology#2-a-surprising-and-terrible-empowerment">Section 2 of <em>The Adolescence of Technology</em></a><em> </em>for a more detailed discussion of biological threats and the offense-defense balance. To summarize, what I believe currently keeps us safe in biology is not “defenders”, or even the availability of materials, but a negative correlation between intellectual capability and desire to commit catastrophic harm. Previous technologies like internet search or even DNA synthesis were nowhere near powerful enough to break this correlation, but I worry that at its current rate of progress, AI will do so very soon. Another way to say it is that a sufficiently powerful technology removes all barriers and exposes whether the attacker or defender has an inherent structural advantage, and I worry in biology it is the attacker.</li></ol></div><div class="PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__socialShare"><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=https://www.anthropic.com/news/position-open-weights-models" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Share on Twitter"><svg class="Icon-module-scss-module__lqbdHG__icon" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M28 28L18.6145 14.0124L18.6305 14.0255L27.0929 4H24.265L17.3713 12.16L11.8968 4H4.48021L13.2425 17.0593L13.2414 17.0582L4 28H6.82792L14.4921 18.9215L20.5834 28H28ZM10.7763 6.18182L23.9449 25.8182H21.7039L8.52468 6.18182H10.7763Z" fill="#191919"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&amp;url=https://www.anthropic.com/news/position-open-weights-models" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label="Share on LinkedIn"><svg class="Icon-module-scss-module__lqbdHG__icon" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32"><path d="M25.8182 4H6.18182C4.97636 4 4 4.97636 4 6.18182V25.8182C4 27.0236 4.97636 28 6.18182 28H25.8182C27.0236 28 28 27.0236 28 25.8182V6.18182C28 4.97636 27.0236 4 25.8182 4ZM11.5862 23.6364H8.368V13.2815H11.5862V23.6364ZM9.94436 11.8011C8.90691 11.8011 8.068 10.96 8.068 9.92473C8.068 8.88945 8.908 8.04945 9.94436 8.04945C10.9785 8.04945 11.8196 8.89055 11.8196 9.92473C11.8196 10.96 10.9785 11.8011 9.94436 11.8011ZM23.6407 23.6364H20.4247V18.6007C20.4247 17.3996 20.4029 15.8549 18.7524 15.8549C17.0778 15.8549 16.8204 17.1629 16.8204 18.5135V23.6364H13.6044V13.2815H16.6916V14.6964H16.7353C17.1651 13.8825 18.2145 13.024 19.78 13.024C23.0385 13.024 23.6407 15.1687 23.6407 17.9571V23.6364Z" fill="#141413"></path></svg></a></div></div><section class="LandingPageSection-module-scss-module__ZSMdoa__root" data-theme="ivory"><div class="page-wrapper"><div class="SectionIntro-module-scss-module__i9TRza__root LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__intro"><h2 class="headline-4 SectionIntro-module-scss-module__i9TRza__title">Related content</h2></div><div class="LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__root"><div class="LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__items LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__threeItems"><div class="LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__item"><h3 class="headline-6">Developing Enterprise Frontier Safeguards with our customers</h3><a href="/news/enterprise-frontier-safeguards" class="ButtonTextLink-module-scss-module__q8IAwW__textLink LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__cta" referrerPolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><span class="body-3">Read more</span><span class="ButtonTextLink-module-scss-module__q8IAwW__icon"><svg class="Icon-module-scss-module__lqbdHG__icon" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M4.14585 9.87492L14.4584 9.87492L9.60419 5.04158L10.5 4.14575L16.8542 10.4999L10.5 16.8541L9.60419 15.9583L14.4584 11.1249L4.14585 11.1249L4.14585 9.87492Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__item"><h3 class="headline-6">Improving our alignment and security efforts</h3><p class="body-3 serif">On July 30, we reported three incidents in which Claude models gained unauthorized access to real computer systems. 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In the meantime, we’re sharing some of the changes we’ve made over the past month.</p><a href="/news/improving-alignment-security-efforts" class="ButtonTextLink-module-scss-module__q8IAwW__textLink LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__cta" referrerPolicy="no-referrer-when-downgrade"><span class="body-3">Read more</span><span class="ButtonTextLink-module-scss-module__q8IAwW__icon"><svg class="Icon-module-scss-module__lqbdHG__icon" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M4.14585 9.87492L14.4584 9.87492L9.60419 5.04158L10.5 4.14575L16.8542 10.4999L10.5 16.8541L9.60419 15.9583L14.4584 11.1249L4.14585 11.1249L4.14585 9.87492Z" fill="currentColor"></path></svg></span></a></div><div class="LinkGrid-module-scss-module__wTN57W__item"><h3 class="headline-6">Previewing the Model Hardware Standard</h3><p class="body-3 serif">We’re opening a research preview of the Model Hardware Standard (MHS), a shared specification for AI agents to safely operate physical devices, to a first group 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Reports suggest that some US officials are \"},{\"_key\":\"485601e3021d\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"695f3ea9f2a6\"],\"text\":\"considering banning\"},{\"_key\":\"49a2e248db7e\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" the use of Chinese open-weights models by US companies. In response, many tech companies have signed \"},{\"_key\":\"26f772fff199\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"7844a374a428\"],\"text\":\"a letter\"},{\"_key\":\"41209f8003d2\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" supporting open-weights models, and some people have even accused Anthropic of wanting to ban open-weights models as a means of protecting our business. Anyone who has read my past writing should know that I don’t regard such bans as a useful measure, but let me state it clearly so that there is no doubt: \"},{\"_key\":\"5de1b9c09b54\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"strong\"],\"text\":\"Anthropic has never advocated for a ban on open-weights models.\"}],\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"695f3ea9f2a6\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://www.axios.com/2026/07/20/ai-us-china-open-source-kimi\"},{\"_key\":\"7844a374a428\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://x.com/JensenHuang/status/2080643682408321103\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"c7a4bdd10a27\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"cef3c6a04785\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"Open-weights models that don’t have dangerous capabilities are a public good: they don’t cost anything besides the compute needed to run them, and they provide value to businesses, developers, and researchers.\"}],\"markDefs\":[],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"682e017be5d5\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"a1ac49bd87d6\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"Protectionist bans would not address my most serious national security concerns. Specifically, I am worried about two nightmare scenarios. I laid these out in my essay \"},{\"_key\":\"8b5be0e76f75\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"fb11a2c5acc9\",\"em\"],\"text\":\"The Adolescence of Technology\"},{\"_key\":\"8a3974e433e3\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" six months ago\"},{\"_key\":\"e24a3814e4db\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"sup\"],\"text\":\"1\"},{\"_key\":\"6288b51ded55\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\", and have held these positions consistently for many years:\"}],\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"fb11a2c5acc9\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"fff28522026a\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"68de43cd6565\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"My primary concern is the risk that authoritarian governments—not solely the Chinese Communist Party (CCP), although the CCP is clearly the most capable threat—build AI models that are more powerful than those built by the US, and use them to achieve permanent military superiority or perpetrate incredibly deep repression of their own people. This concern is widely shared within the US government: Vice President Vance \"},{\"_key\":\"9fcd0a5b8410\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"cccd956db8ac\"],\"text\":\"warned\"},{\"_key\":\"285e4fb9f37c\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" in Paris last year that “authoritarian regimes have stolen and used AI to strengthen their military, intelligence, and surveillance capabilities,” and the Intelligence Community’s \"},{\"_key\":\"bfbca1044dbb\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"37683bd52542\"],\"text\":\"2026 Annual Threat Assessment\"},{\"_key\":\"49606e523c28\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" found that “other global powers’ robust progress in AI is challenging US economic competitiveness and national security advantages.” It is irrelevant whether these models are released with open weights, and certainly irrelevant whether they are used by US businesses. In fact, the most dangerous model may be one that is trained in secret and handed only to the People’s Liberation Army for use in drones and the Ministry of State Security for surveillance and repression.\"}],\"level\":1,\"listItem\":\"number\",\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"cccd956db8ac\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-vice-president-the-artificial-intelligence-action-summit-paris-france\"},{\"_key\":\"37683bd52542\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/assessments/ATA-2026-Unclassified-Report.pdf\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"136f35b4ca0c\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"7d5df4683bde\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"My secondary concern is the risk that powerful AI models may be misused to carry out cyberattacks or biological attacks, and may have \"},{\"_key\":\"d0d60d6f82e4\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"c1ae5c315997\"],\"text\":\"serious alignment problems\"},{\"_key\":\"775007b9eb14\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\". Open-weights models—it does not matter whether they come from China or anywhere else—do potentially present a higher risk than closed models, because it is very difficult to apply guardrails to them or monitor their usage, and once weights are released they cannot be withdrawn\"},{\"_key\":\"7769e789c4fc\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"sup\"],\"text\":\"2\"},{\"_key\":\"f7aaf97bcc40\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\". But banning the use of these models by US businesses does nothing to address this risk, because bad actors are unlikely to be legitimate US businesses. It \"},{\"_key\":\"228fd8a61be0\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"em\"],\"text\":\"would\"},{\"_key\":\"5af10e6fe232\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" protect US AI companies from competition, but that has never been my goal.\"}],\"level\":1,\"listItem\":\"number\",\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"c1ae5c315997\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://time.com/article/2026/07/24/openai-hugging-face-attack/\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"02c8295e9408\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"2800ff554460\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"To address these concerns, I \"},{\"_key\":\"163c5db00ac9\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"em\"],\"text\":\"do\"},{\"_key\":\"5882290f0e89\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" support the following three measures, which I and Anthropic have consistently advocated for:\"}],\"markDefs\":[],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"6852c6a64ef5\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"6bdafcd785de\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"strong\"],\"text\":\"We should not sell powerful chips or chipmaking equipment to China\"},{\"_key\":\"23402714981e\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\", and we should crack down on the rampant \"},{\"_key\":\"927dcb2a7fd8\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"3dda96c4303c\"],\"text\":\"smuggling\"},{\"_key\":\"221683b5c4fa\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"sup\"],\"text\":\"3\"},{\"_key\":\"6459f16c096f\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" and workarounds used to obtain access to such chips. China has limited domestic production capacity, and therefore, due to the \"},{\"_key\":\"d83e736f96fa\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"757bbb0f53d1\"],\"text\":\"scaling laws\"},{\"_key\":\"f33c768cabae\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\", cannot build more powerful models than the US without US chips. This is the most efficient and direct way to block threat #1, and by hampering the training of models that are out of reach of US law, it also indirectly helps with threat #2.\"}],\"level\":1,\"listItem\":\"bullet\",\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"3dda96c4303c\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/three-charged-conspiring-unlawfully-divert-cutting-edge-us-artificial-intelligence\"},{\"_key\":\"757bbb0f53d1\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.08361\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"74d0b653671b\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"efa88a7927a7\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"strong\"],\"text\":\"We should crack down on industrial-scale \"},{\"_key\":\"32d3d3469bea\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"f7f2f632a199\",\"strong\"],\"text\":\"distillation operations\"},{\"_key\":\"038e4d0ec878\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"strong\"],\"text\":\".\"},{\"_key\":\"f715fbd4b0e2\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" Distillation is a much more compute-efficient process than training models from scratch. It allows China to build much better models than its number of chips would ordinarily enable, and thus partially evade chip bans. Distillation does not allow the CCP to obtain equivalent or superior AI capabilities to the US, but it can bring the Chinese frontier to within a \"},{\"_key\":\"2594f4834833\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"f707054f500d\"],\"text\":\"few months \"},{\"_key\":\"3f1c86cb54a0\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"of the US frontier. It is true that many of the companies carrying out these operations release open-weights models—but the open weights are far less relevant than the fact that the operations are backed by an authoritarian state seeking to overtake the US at the frontier. We should have policy interventions to deter this behavior. A blanket ban on open-weights models is neither the correct remedy nor something we have called for\"},{\"_key\":\"51be9320fce4\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"sup\"],\"text\":\"4\"},{\"_key\":\"9580b4c01b65\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\".\"}],\"level\":1,\"listItem\":\"bullet\",\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"f7f2f632a199\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://www.anthropic.com/news/detecting-and-preventing-distillation-attacks\"},{\"_key\":\"f707054f500d\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://www.anthropic.com/research/2028-ai-leadership\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"4ca42bb52d89\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"dfa7d77a163c\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"strong\"],\"text\":\"All sufficiently capable models, open and closed, should go through mandatory safety testing.\"},{\"_key\":\"b9f19677a6d0\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" The best way to address threat #2 is to just directly test models for cyber, biological, and alignment risks before release. I think this idea is actually close to a consensus: I have been heartened both that the Trump administration has moved in this direction in recent months, and by \"},{\"_key\":\"9419f5132447\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"9820f5ca439a\"],\"text\":\"recent industry proposals\"},{\"_key\":\"8a3a091d2e8b\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\" that would apply such testing to the most capable models regardless of their country of origin or whether they are open or closed (while exempting less capable models, such as those from startups and academia, entirely). Whether open models do or don’t pose an increased risk, and whether that risk can be mitigated, is something that should emerge from testing, rather than be decided in advance—and there may be promising methods for improving the safety of open-weights models, including recent research from AE Studio and Anthropic on \"},{\"_key\":\"8d5ca0915611\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"e12ed88e5192\"],\"text\":\"modular training strategies\"},{\"_key\":\"fc9afda1cde7\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\". Note that to be effective, testing would need to be global, which means even the CCP would need to be on board. I think this may actually be possible: as I wrote in \"},{\"_key\":\"1f9d7f9cada2\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"em\"],\"text\":\"The Adolescence of Technology\"},{\"_key\":\"b3f0638989d6\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\", limited cooperation around preventing AI biological weapons may be possible because it is in China’s interest too.\"}],\"level\":1,\"listItem\":\"bullet\",\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"9820f5ca439a\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://demishassabis.substack.com/p/a-framework-for-frontier-ai-and-the-dawning-of-a-new-age\"},{\"_key\":\"e12ed88e5192\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://alignment.anthropic.com/2026/modular-pretraining/\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"49b7c78ba191\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"8e2854375f36\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"This brings me to the \"},{\"_key\":\"b2d769382c4b\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"bd03ce106e43\"],\"text\":\"open letter\"},{\"_key\":\"15432a79ef1c\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\". I agree with much of it: open weights expand access to the AI economy, they strengthen competition at least for some use cases, and they give customers greater control. Concerns about distillation should be addressed through targeted legal and commercial frameworks—the same measure I described above. But I don’t agree with the letter’s assertions that open-weights models necessarily make it easier to develop safeguards or that broad access to capabilities necessarily helps defenders more than attackers. It seems at least as likely to me that the opposite will be true. For example, I worry that biology will have a strong attacker-defender asymmetry, where sufficiently capable models may be able to quickly weaponize pandemic-level viruses with widely available materials, whereas defense against these agents is a multi-year operational task in the best case (as we saw with Operation Warp Speed)\"},{\"_key\":\"509ea7e51901\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"sup\"],\"text\":\"5\"},{\"_key\":\"ad7ec2324d97\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\". Questions like this should be empirically answered by rigorous pre-release testing, not assumed in advance.\"}],\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"bd03ce106e43\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"href\":\"https://images.nvidia.com/pdf/Open-Weights-and-American-AI-Leadership.pdf\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"c80b6840b208\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"fb56392de324\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[],\"text\":\"To summarize my and Anthropic’s position, we have not and are not advocating for a ban on open-weights models as a category. We should instead focus on keeping powerful chips out of authoritarian hands, stopping industrial-scale distillation, and requiring safety testing of all sufficiently capable models, open and closed.\"}],\"markDefs\":[],\"style\":\"normal\"},{\"_key\":\"702ca8bc9f52\",\"_type\":\"block\",\"children\":[{\"_key\":\"a56d638406bd\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"em\"],\"text\":\"*Edit 28 July: Updated to note that the cited research on modular training strategies was a collaboration between Anthropic and \"},{\"_key\":\"2417d170dac7\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"em\",\"dbc69baa63c3\"],\"text\":\"AE Studio\"},{\"_key\":\"07c12df700b5\",\"_type\":\"span\",\"marks\":[\"em\"],\"text\":\".\"}],\"markDefs\":[{\"_key\":\"dbc69baa63c3\",\"_type\":\"link\",\"blank\":false,\"href\":\"https://ae.studio/\"}],\"style\":\"normal\"}],\"sidebar\":{\"isVisible\":false}}]}],\"$L1e\",\"$L1f\",\"$L20\"]}]}]\n"])</script><script>self.__next_f.push([1,"1a:[\"$\",\"footer\",null,{\"id\":\"footer\",\"className\":\"SiteFooter-module-scss-module__JdOqwq__root\",\"role\":\"contentinfo\",\"aria-label\":\"Site footer\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"page-wrapper SiteFooter-module-scss-module__JdOqwq__footer\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"SiteFooter-module-scss-module__JdOqwq__logoWrapper\",\"children\":[\"$\",\"a\",null,{\"href\":\"/\",\"aria-label\":\"Return to 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PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__postFooter\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"div\",null,{\"className\":\"PostDetail-module-scss-module__UQuRMa__footnotes\",\"children\":[[\"$\",\"h4\",null,{\"className\":\"headline-5\",\"children\":\"Footnotes\"}],[[\"$\",\"ol\",\"204fb0758957-parent\",{\"children\":[[\"$\",\"li\",\"footnote-1/.$204fb0758957\",{\"id\":\"footnote-1\",\"children\":[\"See Sections 3 and 2 of that essay for discussion of misuse for seizing power and discussion of biological risks, respectively.\"]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"footnote-2/.$42e15ee3799c\",{\"id\":\"footnote-2\",\"children\":[\"See \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"f67ca97ea107\",{\"href\":\"https://www.aisi.gov.uk/blog/how-far-behind-the-frontier-are-leading-open-weight-models-on-cyber\",\"children\":[\"this report\"]}],\" from the UK AI Security Institute, specifically: “The same openness underpinning these benefits precludes many of the safety measures that closed model developers can use to detect and disrupt misuse, iterate on safeguards as vulnerabilities emerge, control user access and withdraw models. Once open-weight models are released, these options are lost permanently: safeguards can be removed, and copies can be downloaded, redistributed, and run on private systems beyond monitoring. For models with dangerous capabilities – including highly cyber-capable models – open weight release therefore creates a persistent and irreversible risk of misuse.”\"]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"footnote-3/.$2eae58d8253e\",{\"id\":\"footnote-3\",\"children\":[\"See also \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"a0a77470bbef\",{\"href\":\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/chinese-national-and-two-us-citizens-charged-conspiring-smuggle-artificial-intelligence\",\"children\":[\"here\"]}],\", \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"0127e614373c\",{\"href\":\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-citizens-and-chinese-nationals-arrested-exporting-artificial-intelligence-technology\",\"children\":[\"here\"]}],\", and \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"1d347919c068\",{\"href\":\"https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/us-authorities-shut-down-major-china-linked-ai-tech-smuggling-network\",\"children\":[\"here\"]}],\" for more reports from the US Department of Justice.\"]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"footnote-4/.$5f016073fcef\",{\"id\":\"footnote-4\",\"children\":[\"At Anthropic we’re committed to cracking down on industrial-scale distillation through our own practices, including identifying and banning accounts that use our models in this way. This is challenging—for instance, the relevant accounts can often only be identified \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"1ce0b0d87893\",{\"children\":[\"after\"]}],\" substantial distillation has occurred, and distillation often involves creating large numbers of fake accounts that form a moving target. The practices of any individual company cannot entirely solve the problem, which is why we have called for policy on this issue.\"]}],[\"$\",\"li\",\"footnote-5/.$ee760f193276\",{\"id\":\"footnote-5\",\"children\":[\"See \",[\"$\",\"a\",\"8ece461ec3f0\",{\"href\":\"https://darioamodei.com/essay/the-adolescence-of-technology#2-a-surprising-and-terrible-empowerment\",\"children\":[\"Section 2 of \",[\"$\",\"em\",\"f8ee357d5089\",{\"children\":[\"The Adolescence of Technology\"]}]]}],[\"$\",\"em\",\"78dc5dd9bc48\",{\"children\":[\" \"]}],\"for a more detailed discussion of biological threats and the offense-defense balance. To summarize, what I believe currently keeps us safe in biology is not “defenders”, or even the availability of materials, but a negative correlation between intellectual capability and desire to commit catastrophic harm. Previous technologies like internet search or even DNA synthesis were nowhere near powerful enough to break this correlation, but I worry that at its current rate of progress, AI will do so very soon. 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